CHOOSING DIAPERS
Source: www.mayohealth.org/mayo/9608/htm/diapers.htm
Originally published in Mayo Clinic Health Letter.
Last updated Aug. 30, 1999.
Parents of newborns face a lot of changes--and changing diapers is one of the biggest. Many new parents are concerned about more than just the unpleasant aspects of changing diapers. They are also concerned about the health issues, environmental impact, cost, and convenience. The search for the best diapering alternative usually includes an assessment of the different types available and perhaps a few skirmishes in the Thirty Years' War between cloth diapers and disposables.
Cloth vs. disposable
So which is best? That's still not an easy question to answer. First, there are more than two alternatives. The old standby, the reusable cloth diaper, isn't what it used to be. Some types now have double or triple layers and a multi-ply, fiber-filled center strip, making them more absorbant than older styles. Some styles of cloth diaper also now come with Velcro strips, eliminating the need for those large safety pins your parents may have used. You can launder them at home or turn that job over to a diaper service.
Then there are various styles of disposable diapers. These range from fairly simple plastic-covered paper diapers to the latest high-tech, gender-specific cartoon-covered, elastic-legged, absorbent gel material (AGM) disposables.
With so many options, the diaper decision can be complex. Here are some factors to consider:
Skin care
Prolonged wetness, chemical and enzyme action, and growth of microbes in the diaper area can compromise a baby's skin and lead to the painful, inflamed condition known as diaper rash. Diaper rash occurs when the skin becomes more permeable and vulnerable to friction, abrasion, and attack by bacteria. Diaper type seems to make a significant difference in the frequency and severity of diaper rash. AGM disposables were, until recently, generally acknowledged to do a better job of keeping things dry and preventing the mixing of urine and feces--which can promote microbe growth. But parents who use cloth maintain that good diapering practices can make cloth the equal of disposables.
Controlling infection
Parents, health-care providers and day-care workers are concerned with the disease-spreading potential of diaper changing. This is especially a problem in out-of-the-home care settings where many infants and providers are constantly interacting in a limited space. A few years ago, most researchers were certain that AGM disposable diapers were clearly superior in containing urine and feces, but recent studies indicate there may be no significant difference in the infection control capabilities of cloth and disposable diapers. Diaper changing practices and clean-up procedures (including careful handwashing) are probably as important as diaper type in controlling infectious organisms.
Environment
A debate about the environmental impact of paper vs. cloth diapers has been underway for years. The pro-cloth view is that the production of disposable diapers consumes an inordinate amount of resources and energy. Advocates of cloth also argue that disposables take up two percent of landfill space, adding 2.8 billion tons of urine, feces, plastic and paper to landfills annually. Besides filling dwindling landfill space, the pro-cloth side holds that disposable diapers endanger health and the environment, especially the health of sanitation workers. The potential for disease to spread via ground water has also been cited.
Pro-disposable diaper advocates tell a different story. Production of cloth diapers uses more energy, they say, and contributes to the load on sanitary sewer systems and potential water pollution.
Who's right?
Various studies on the environmental effects of reusable and disposable diapers paint a complex picture. Most agree that reusable diapers require more water and generate more waterborne wastes through the laundering process. And home laundering uses more energy than commercial laundering.
The downside of disposables? It takes more raw materials to make them, and they are the third largest source of solid waste. Although some diapers are touted as biodegradable, the lack of oxygen in landfills means disposable diapers can take a long time to break down.
Judging the relative environmental impact of each method, then, means deciding to what extent solid waste is a more important problem than water use and wastewater disposal.
Cost and convenience
Disposable diapers, especially the super-absorbent AGM type, generally require fewer changes and less change time than cloth diapers. They also are convenient for travel and day-care use. Cloth diapers take up less purchase time, but they require additional time for washing and folding, if laundered at home.Total cost is generally higher for disposables than for home laundering or a diaper service. But if the value of water, washing machine, laundry supplies and a caregiver's time is figured in, it all may be a wash.